MANORS
The GILDABLE MANOR was probably in its origin the king's fee in Southwark. (fn. 1) It appears to have become
merged in the borough and as such was granted to
the City of London in 1406 (see above).
In 1812 the steward presided at the City's annual
court leet of this manor, which was held at the
George or Cotton's Wharf in the Bridge Yard, and
at which two constables, one flesh-taster and one
ale-taster were chosen for each of the parishes of
St. Saviour and St. Olave. (fn. 2)
LIBERTY OF ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
It is probable that, in addition to the house
in Southwark which in 1087 was appurtenant to his
manor of Mortlake, a part of the king's possessions in
the borough was granted to the Archbishop of
Canterbury in the 12th century. The Pipe Rolls
record that in 1130–1 4s. out
of the aid of the borough was
remitted to him, (fn. 3) and in
1157–8 20s. out of the sum
due by the men of Southwark. (fn. 4) When in the reign
of Richard I the archbishop
acquired the manor of Lambeth there were appurtenant
to it certain liberties and
customs in Southwark which
probably became merged in his
liberty within the borough. (fn. 5)
In 1275 a commission was
issued for an inquiry as to the
yearly value of the tolls of the
men and tenants of the archbi-hop and of the Prior
and convent of Christchurch, Canterbury, in the fairs
and markets of Southwark,
which were due to John de
Warenne Earl of Surrey. (fn. 6)
They were found to be worth
£4. yearly. (fn. 7) In 1349 the
extent of the rights enjoyed
in this liberty becomes clear,
for the king confirmed a grant
for life made by the late Archbishop John Stratford to his
chamberlain, William atte Fen,
of the bailiwick and custody
of the archiepiscopal liberty
of Southwark, with power to
seize, levy fines, issues and
amercements, waif and stray,
escheats and chattels of felons
and fugitives, and to execute writs and other mandates
of the king. He should render no account nor farm,
saving that he must satisfy the archbishop or the
steward of the liberty of the debts of the king,
according to the tenor of its estreats delivered to him. (fn. 8)
It is evident that the holding was free not only of
the borough but also of the shire jurisdiction. (fn. 9)
City of London. Argent a cross gules with a sword gules upright in the quarter.
See of Canterbury. Azure the cross of the archbishop or having its staff argent surmounted by a pall in its proper colours.
The lands of the liberty were in the parishes of
St. George, St. Margaret and St. Olave. (fn. 10) In 1538
it was surrendered to the Crown by Thomas Cranmer,
archbishop. (fn. 11) Edward VI in 1550 granted to the
Mayor, commonalty and citizens of London 'all our
manor and borough of Southwark,'with all their
rights, members, and appurtunances, lately parcel of
the possessions of the archbishopric of Canterbury,
and some rents from tenements in Southwark which
had been in the same ownership. (fn. 12) In 1567–8 the
City claimed certain dues on the ground of Cranmer's
surrender and of the subsequent grant by Edward VI. (fn. 13)
This term 'the borough of Southwark' does not
occur in regard to the archbishop's liberty in earlier
records. It would here seem to imply only those
rights of the liberty which were equivalent to the
burghal rights from which it was exempt. The
liberty may subsequently be identified with the City's
Great Liberty Manor of Southwark. This includes
roughly the ancient borough to the east of the Borough
High Street, except that part of it which is in the
Gildable Manor, and its outlying southern portion
around Tabard Street and the Old Kent Road. (fn. 14)
In 1812 the courts leet were held annually at the
Three Tuns Tavern in the High Street, and there
were chosen three constables, two ale-casters and one
flesh-taster for the part of St. Saviour's parish in
the manor; two constables and one ale-taster for
St. George's parish; four constables, one ale-taster and
one flesh-taster for that of St. John; three constables
and one ale-taster for that of St. Olave, and for that
of St. Thomas two constables and one ale-taster. (fn. 15)
The steward presided. (fn. 16)
Stow says that the walks and gardens appertaining
to the inn of the Abbot of Battle and opposite to
it, on the north side of Tooley Street, were called
THE MAZE. (fn. 17) They appear to have constituted
the territory of the manor so called, for lands thus
situated were in 1386 in the tenure of Sir William
Burcestre, kt., (fn. 18) who is otherwise known to have
held the manor of the Maze. It was held in
dower in 1423 by Margaret widow' of Sir William,
and was settled after her death on his son John. (fn. 19)
The latter is stated, in a survey made in 1429–30,
to have held a water mill in Southwark of the Abbot
of Battle for a yearly rent of £3 6s. 8d. (fn. 20) Probably
not only a mill but the whole property of William
and John Burcestre was held of the abbot. By 1472
the manor had been alienated, for it was then granted
by Robert Lemyng, brother
and heir of William Lemyng,
lately citizen and grocer of
London, to Roger Copley and
others. (fn. 21) Henceforward it
followed the descent of the
manor of Gatton until after
the sale of Gatton in 1654
by John Weston of Sutton
and Mary his wife, daughter
and co-heir of William Copley,
after which it descended with
the Sutton Place estate until
as late as 1814, when it was held by John Webbe
Weston of Sutton Place. (fn. 22)
Weston of Sutton. Ermine a chief azure with five bezants therein.
The charter of 1550 gave to the City an annual
rent of 3s. 2½d. and service from lands and tenements
sometime in the tenure of John Burcestre, kt. (fn. 23) The
grant follows on that of the archbishop's manor, and
it probably conveyed the rights of Battle Abbey in the
manor of the Maze, the position of which, like that
of all the property of Battle Abbey, leads to the conclusion that it was within the Great Liberty Manor.
Stow says of Maze Manor: 'Much other buildings of
small tenements are thereon builded, replenished with
strangers and other, for the most part poor people.' (fn. 24)
In 1650 the manor, which had been sequestrated for
the recusancy of William Copley, was surveyed. A
court was then kept on it, but only for the purpose of
setting out the bounds: it yielded no profits. The
manor was worth £480 a year, but two-thirds of it
had been let to George Weston at an annual rent of
£220, because all the houses were out of repair, two
of them had lately been burnt, an expenditure of £60
on the amendment of a wharf would shortly be
necessary, and some tenants were too poor to pay
arrears of rent. The Committee for Sequestration had
always let the manor in parts. The collection of the
rents, since they were payable quarterly and by nearly
eighty tenants, was sufficient to occupy a man's whole
time. The assessors laid taxes, without order or
method, on the best tenants only, and thus all the
highest rents were absorbed and only the worst left
to be collected. (fn. 25) In 1661 the free tenants who owed
suit to the court baron of the manor included the
governors of the grammar school for a tenement
in Horsleydown (q.v.) and holders at Battle Bridge,
in Mill Lane, Bermondsey Street and Le Maze. (fn. 26)
The site of the manor is marked by Weston Street,
Weston Place, Melior Street, Great Maze Pond and
Maze Pond.
MANOR OF BERMONDSEY ABBEY.
A hide
of Southwark is said to have been originally a part of
the manor of Bermondsey which was royal demesne. (fn. 27)
In 1127 it was granted by Henry I to the priory of
Bermondsey, (fn. 28) to whom in 1130–1 31s. out of the
aid of the borough was remitted. (fn. 29) The grant by
Henry I must have included
the area of the liberty of the
Clink (see below), and after
it the monks must have held
a continuous tract of territory,
which included the later Paris
Garden, acquired by the abbey
in 1113 (see below). Henry II
confirmed to them their hide (fn. 30)
and granted to them 40s. out
of the farm of Southwark.
Their manor of Southwark
shared the privileges granted
to them in 1160 in all their lands, and was thus
exempted from the shire, hundred and borough
jurisdictions. It was affected by the grant of free
warren in 1170. (fn. 31) In 1279–80 the charter of
Henry I was confirmed by Edward I; and
Richard II in 1378 confirmed the grants by Henry I,
Henry II and Edward I. (fn. 32)
Bermondsey Abbey. Party gules and azure a border argent.
The fee of the monks lay in the parish of
St. Margaret (fn. 33) and in that of St. George, both
within and without the bar of Southwark. (fn. 34) Between
1427 and 1432 they received rents from property not
in their fee in the parishes of St. Olave and St. Mary
Magdalen. (fn. 35) Their manor was bestowed by the king
in 1550, with all its rights, members and appurtenances, on the Mayor, commonalty and citizens of
London. (fn. 36) It was that known subsequently as the
King's Manor, of which the courts leet were held in
1812 in the town hall on St. Margaret's Hill. Two
constables, one a'e-taster and one flesh-taster were
then chosen for the part of the manor in St. George's
parish, and one constable, one ale-taster and one
flesh-taster for that in the parish of St. Saviour. (fn. 37)
This manor comprehends the south-western part of
old Southwark, with which it is coincident. It
adjoins Paris Garden and the Clink on the north;
and its north-eastern boundary is roughly parallel
with the Borough High Street and with a small
western part of Long Lane, and divides it from the
Gildable and the Great Liberty Manors. (fn. 38)
SUFFOLK PLACE or the LIBERTY OF THE MINT.
In 1307 Robert Poun was appointed to hold
the office of the marshalsea of the Bench at pleasure,
and William de Grantham was ordered to deliver the
prisoners to him. (fn. 39) There is no reason to suppose
that the King's Bench prison was then elsewhere than
in its later place in Southwark, on the east side of the
Borough High Street, between St. George's Church
and the Marshalsea prison. (fn. 40) In 1381 the insurgents,
when they halted in the borough on their way to
London, broke down the prison and its inmates
joined their ranks. (fn. 41) It was reserved to the Crown,
with its appurtenant lands, in 1550. (fn. 42) Stow states
that those confined in this gaol were 'much punished
by straitness of room,' and that nearly one hundred
died within six years of 1579 'through a contagion
called sickness of the house, which often happened
from the few rooms and many inhabitants.' (fn. 43)
In 1510 Charles Brandon, afterwards Duke of
Suffolk, received the office of marshal of the King's
Bench to hold at the royal pleasure. (fn. 44) On a site in
the High Street of the Borough, almost opposite to
St. George's Church, and held of Bermondsey Abbey, (fn. 45)
he built for himself 'a large and sumptuous house.' (fn. 46)
It was, with its grounds, called Suffolk Place, and it
probably stood on land appurtenant to the King's
Bench prison. In 1519 Henry Courtenay Earl of
Devon dined with the duke at Suffolk Place (fn. 47) ; in
1522 the king and the Emperor Charles V were
there entertained. (fn. 48) The duke surrendered his 'place'
in Southwark to the Crown by way of exchange
for Norwich House, thence called Suffolk Place, in
St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and in 1536 it was assured
to the king by Parliament. (fn. 49) In the same year
Richard Long, esquire of the body, was appointed
keeper of the mansion which the duke had held
in the Borough, (fn. 50) and in 1537 it was granted to
Queen Jane for life. (fn. 51) A map of 1542 shows a
considerable inclosed area called 'the liberty of the
manor,' which had gates, called the Park Gates, to
the south, probably in Stoney Street, and to the north.
The house is marked as 'the manor place.' (fn. 52) In this
year and in 1543 payments were made for carpenters'
work in the king's house in Southwark, for the making
of bird-cages there and the scouring of ditches in
Southwark Park between the private garden and the
water-slaice. (fn. 53) These improvements have probably
been recorded by the name of Birdcage Walk. The
mint established in this house is first mentioned in
1545 (fn. 54) and appears to have been discontinued before
Stow's day. In 1548 Edward VI dined at Suffolk
Place, (fn. 55) and it is said to have been because he so delighted in it that he excepted it from the places which
he granted to the City. (fn. 56) Queen Mary in 1555–6
gave it to Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York, as
the town house of the archbishops, in compensation
for York Place, which had been annexed to Westminster Palace. With it she granted all its dovecotes, orchards, gardens, ponds, vineyards, outhouses,
banqueting houses and the other land and buildings
surrounded by its hedge, the conduits in and around
it and 14 acres or more of adjacent lands, together
with the liberties, franchises, privileges, rights, profits
and services which belonged to it. (fn. 57) The archbishop
sold Suffolk or Southwark Place in Southwark to buy
Suffolk Place or Norwich House, near Charing Cross. (fn. 58)
In 1584 Southwark Place was bequeathed by Anthony
Cage, salter and citizen of London, to his third son
Edward. (fn. 59) Stow tells us that the merchant of London,
perhaps Anthony Cage, who bought it from Archbishop
Heath, demolished the house, sold the materials and
built 'many small cottages of great rents to the increasing of beggars in that borough.' (fn. 60) It was, however, still described as the capital messuage called Suffolk
Place when Edward Cage died in possession of it in
1625, leaving a son and heir John. (fn. 61) The bulk of the
property was sold by a Cage, presumably John, to
Sir Edward Bromfield, Lord Mayor of London in
1636, for £1, 700. In the time of the Commonwealth
it was said to be rather worth £1,700 a year, and to
have been sold thus cheaply because Cage had fled
for murder. (fn. 62) It was surveyed in 1651, on the
ground that the grant to the archbishop had been
illegal, (fn. 63) and it then held a capital messuage or
mansion-house, built of brick and timber, in which
were a hall, parlour, kitchen, buttery, larder, cellar
and some other rooms on the ground floor, six
chambers above stairs with garrets over them, and an
adjacent wash-house with two chambers above it. The
precincts included a stable, a coach-house, other outhouses, some orchards and a courtyard in which was
a long fish pond. The Great Mint Garden was still
planted with all sorts of fruit trees and garden fruit,
and a tenement was built on it. There were fourteen
other tenements on the estate, to most of which
garden plots were attached, and of which three had
been alienated by John Cage. (fn. 64) Sir Edward Bromfield
was succeeded by Sir John Bromfield, created a baronet
in 1661. His son Sir Edward settled it in 1679 on his
only daughter Joyce, her husband Thomas Lant and
her heirs. (fn. 65) An Act of Parliament for the improvement of Suffolk Place empowered Thomas Lant in
1701 to grant leases for fifty-one years. (fn. 66) He was
succeeded in 1722 by his son John, who died in 1738
and left as heir his brother Robert. He in 1756
settled the reversion of the estate, after his death, on
his illegitimate daughter Elizabeth Warfield or Lant.
He died in 1758, and in 1763 Elizabeth married
John Bullock of Faulkbourne Hall, Essex. In 1772
an Act enabled the sale of part of this estate and the
granting of leases. (fn. 67) In the next year it was advertised
to let at a rent of £1,000 a year and described as
containing 17 acres of land, on which were 400 houses.
In 1763 Mrs. Bullock had made a settlement reserving
to herself the power of disposing of the property by
will if there were no issue of her marriage. As she
was childless, she devised it accordingly to her husband;
and by a deed of 1780 its reversion after his and her
death was vested in her niece Julia Elizabeth Watson,
the wife of Jonathan Josiah Christopher Watson of
Hayes in Middlesex. Elizabeth Bullock died in 1793
and her husband in 1811. After the latter event the
property, which now consisted of 600 dwelling-houses
producing a rental of £2,000 a year, was sold by
auction in ninety-eight lots.
At the date of this sale it was stated that the owner
had always exercised the right of appointing two
constables to act within the liberties of the estate, and
such privilege was reserved to the purchaser of the
largest lot. (fn. 68)
In the estate of Suffolk Place, more usually called
the Mint from the 17th century, persons were
immune from liability of arrest, probably on the
ground that they were within the Rules of the King's
Bench prison, although the immunity was apparently
not recognized by law. (fn. 69) Stow does not mention the
liberty of the Mint; it seems to have become important after the district was one of many and small
tenements. The disorders of the prison and of this
appurtenant place were heightened by a grant of
James I in 1617 to Sir William Smith, kt., of the
hereditary tenure of the marshalsea of the Bench. (fn. 70)
The Act of 8 & 9 William III, which permitted the
sheriff to call, if necessary, a 'posse comitatus' for
service of a process within certain privileged places,
included among them the Mint. (fn. 71) In 1710 a 'True
Description of the Mint' was written by one of the
inhabitants. He divided the dwellers into three
classes. The 'Benchers' were those committed to
the prison who, by giving security that they would
not escape, had bought the liberty of the Rules. These
reached from a little below the prison to St. George's
Church, of which they included one side, and comprehended the Mint, bounded on the south by the
ditch which separated it from St. George's Fields.
The Benchers paid 2s. 6d. a week to the marshal for
chamber rent, and lightened the conditions of their
life by making interest with him. His spies guarded
against their escape. The second class consisted of
the 'Shelterers,' apparently persons who had resorted
to the Mint in fear of arrest and who rented dwellings
in it. They were 'a composition enough to frighten
the devil.' They had enlarged the liberties by an
inclusion of all Whitecross Street, and were said
to 'bear such sway over St. George's Fields, even
to Cupid's Gardens, that they will not suffer any
person to be arrested within those limits.' Thus,
through their means, the Benchers had acquired unmolested enjoyment of the green fields and walks
beyond the ditch to the south of the Mint. The
third class of residents was constituted by 'minters
and inhabitants,' a numerous and largely disreputable
body of former prisoners and of householders, who
were able to go abroad at pleasure.
At each of the three entrances to the Mint, in
Mint Street, in Whitecross Street and at the sign of
'The Two Fighting Cocks,' there was a club, at which
the inhabitants assembled at least twice weekly to
defend from arrest persons unable to pay their debts
and to punish the bailiffs, setters and followers. Each
club had a steward, who, attended by six beadles, sat
as judge at the trials of any suspected of being a bailiff
or of acting on the behalf of one. The service of
warrants not designed to trepan persons in the Mint
for debt, and of warrants on any already the objects of
a commission of bankruptcy, as well as the impressment of vagabonds as soldiers, was permitted.
The privileges of the Mint were costly. Rents
were twice as high as elsewhere and were rack rents;
hence the great value of Suffolk Place. Lodgers paid
more here than in the midst of the City, and had to
give payment for a month in advance. No credit
was anywhere obtainable.
The writer describes the amusements of the society.
'We go to Cuperts and Moorshanks for bowls; we
have our square and usual houses of meeting; at the
"Sign of the Angel" we can play all day and all
night too; we have our friend Isaac behind our
Square who has wine and brandy of the best; we
recreate ourselves at the "Sign of the Chimney
Sweeper" or at the "Sign of the Red Cow." ' (fn. 72)
In 1725 the rector of St. George's Church reported
to Bishop Willis that the gentry resident in his parish
were 'one Baronet, two Ladies and several gentlemen,
all inhabiting the Rules of the King's Bench.'
In the year 1705 some serious brawls between
dwellers in the Mint and officers of justice produced
a resolution of the House of Commons that traitors,
murderers, felons and other criminals, as well as persons
sheltering themselves from their creditors within the
limits of the Mint, had assembled in great numbers
and were harboured with a strong hand against justice
in a riotous and tumultuous manner, to the obstruction and in defiance of justice, which practice might
have dangerous consequences. (fn. 73) In 1722 an Act of
Parliament declared that, since the Act of the reign of
William III had not been effectual within Suffolk
Place, persons who opposed the execution of writs
should henceforth be deemed guilty of felony and be
liable to transportation; that the sheriff might raise
the 'posse comitatus' to arrest any who owed more
than £50, and should be fined £200 if he refused to
do so; that those who opposed officers should be
transported; that disguised persons who abetted riots
or impeded execution of process should be deemed
guilty of felony without benefit of clergy, and that any
who concealed or aided them should be punished by
transportation. (fn. 74)
The appointment to the office of marshal was by
Act of Parliament r-stored to the Crown in 1754,
and it was rendered obligatory for its holder to live
within the Rules. The sum of £7,800 was granted
to erect a new prison, (fn. 75) which stood on the site now
marked by the King's Bench Walk. It was burnt
in 1780 during the Lord George Gordon riots, but
afterwards rebuild. (fn. 76)
An order of court in 1720 described the extent of
the Rales, but the privilege continued to be abused.
In 1790 the Lord Chief Justice defined the boundaries as extending from Great Cumber Court in the
parish of St. George, and along the north side of
Dirty Lane and Melancholy Walk, now Great Suffolk
Street and Pocock Street, to Blackfriars Road, and
along the western side of that road to the Obelisk;
thence along the south-west side of the London Road,
round the signpost near the 'Elephant and Castle,'
and along the east side of Newington Causeway to
Great Cumber Court. He ordered that the New
Gaol in Southwark and the highway between it and
the King's Bench prison, exclusive of the houses on
either side of it, should be within the Rules, but that
no places licensed to sell spirits should be deemed to
be part of them. (fn. 77)
In 1842 this prison was constituted by Act of Parliament the only one for debtors, bankrupts and others
who had previously been liable to confinement within
it and in the prisons of the Marshalsea and the Fleet.
It was ordered to be called henceforth the Queen's
Prison. The liberty of the Rules was abolished together with the prisoners' fees, and the duty of
making regulations for the gaol was given to the
Secretary of State. Lunatics were transferred to
Bedlam and the prisoners were classified. (fn. 78) The
Queen's Prison was discontinued in 1862 and its
property vested in the Crown. The prisoners were
removed to the debtors' prisons for London and
Middlesex. (fn. 79) The site of the Mint is indicated by
the names of Mint Street, Lant Street and Great
Suffolk Street. At the end of Layton's Buildings
there is a brick house, dating from about the year
1710, which probably served as the lodging of the
governor of the King's Bench prison.
The manor of the Bishop of Winchester or CLINK
LIBERTY was formed for the most part out of the
hide of Southwark granted to
the monks of Bermondsey.
King Stephen granted to
Bishop Henry of Blois, his
brother, and to the church of
St. Peter, St. Paul and St.
Swithun at Winchester, and
the bishop's successors, possessions in Southwark which
Henry had bought. They
were land and houses acquired from Ordgarnet and
his successors, lands of the fee
of St. Saviour of Bermondsey,
whence the bishop must render
40s. to the monks, and lands
bought of Henry de Lambal and his son William in
the fee of Hugh de Bolbek, 'with the port of the
ships.' (fn. 80)
See of Winchester. Gules St. Peter's keys crossed with St. Paul's sword.
In 1189–90 the Pipe Roll records the payment of
£6 out of the revenues of the bishopric to the monks
of Bermondsey for the service of the land at Southwark, and of 119s for the mending, in obedience to a
royal writ, of the quay and the mills there. (fn. 81) The
former entry probably marks the incurrence of an
obligation additional to the existing one of rendering
40s. annually to Bermondsey Priory. Richard of
Ilchester, bishop from 1173 to 1189, formally recognized that he had paid £8 a year to the monks for
houses in the parish of St. Margaret which he had
given to his church and his successors. (fn. 82)
The manor of Southwark was confirmed to the
Bishops of Winchester in 1284, (fn. 83) and the grant of
King Stephen in 1317. (fn. 84) The Prior of Bermondsey
received licence in 1319 to remit the rent of £8;
but it was again paid in 1324, (fn. 85) 1345 (fn. 86) and 1366. (fn. 87)
The Bishops of Winchester, almost invariably
royal ministers, frequently resided at their house at
Southwark, especially when the city of Winchester
ceased to be in any sense the capital city of the
kingdom; and Winchester House was the scene of
important events. In 1232, after the king had commanded the citizens to go to Merton and to produce
Hubert de Burgh alive or dead, some of the more
discreet of them 'came hurriedly to the house of
Bishop Peter of Winchester, and, arousing him from
a heavy sleep, asked his counsel.' He answered,
'The one course is hard, the other is dire; yet I
undoubtingly advise you to fulfil your lord's precept.' (fn. 88)
In 1258 it was reported that many nobles of England
had been craftily poisoned in the house of the
elect of Winchester, Aylmer de Lusignan, while the
Poitevins were receiving refreshment. (fn. 89) The marriage
feast of James of Scotland and Joan Beaufort was
held in Winchester House in 1423, Henry Beaufort
the bishop being uncle to the bride. (fn. 90)
In 1528 Bishop Richard Fox wrote to the lord
treasurer that he had been 'at great charge in repairing his ruinous houses at Southwark.' (fn. 91) But, whatever its state of repair, the bishop's house in the
borough was called a palace in 1541. (fn. 92) When Wolsey
held the see in 1530 William Paulet wrote to him
that he had visited his three weeks court held in the
Clink, and this is the earliest occurrence of the name
by which the liberty came to be known. Paulet
announced his intention of surveying the place and
its implements, of which the Prior of St. Mary
Overy had an inventory. (fn. 93) In the same year the
king granted to Thomas Dawson, marshal of his hall,
and William Burdett, page of his stirrup, the offices
of bailiff and keeper of the manor of the Clink in
Southwark, with 2d. a day, which places were in his
hands because of the forfeiture of Thomas Cardinal
of York. (fn. 94) The manor reverted to Stephen Gardiner,
the successor to the see. He in 1547 wrote to
request the interference of the Lord Protector,
because he intended to have a solemn dirge and mass
for the late king, and the players in Southwark had
projected 'a solemn play, to try who shall have the
most resort, they in game or I in earnest.' (fn. 95) At
Gardiner's sequestration the lordship must have
devolved on the Crown, and this ownership of it
was continued by a deed executed in 1551, the year
of his accession to the bishopric, by John Poynet, and
by the Dean and Chapter of Winchester, which
vested the manor of Southwark and a capital messuage in that town in the king, his heirs and his
assigns. (fn. 96) Subsequently the episcopal residence was held
by the Marquess of Northampton attainted in 1553,
and he built the gallery of Winchester House. (fn. 97) In
the year of his attainder letters from the Council
directed that his officers should depart from the house
of the Clink, which belonged to my lord of Winchester, and that the bishop's people should be suffered
to enter it immediately. An inventory of all goods
in the house was to be left with the latter for the use
of the queen whenever she should call for it. (fn. 98) Later
in the year a meeting of the Privy Council, at which
the Bishop of Winchester was present as chancellor,
was held at the Clink. (fn. 99) The house was pillaged
and the library ruthlessly destroyed by Wyatt's insurgents in 1554. The Elizabethan bishops often lived
in Southwark. (fn. 100) Stow describes 'the Bishop of Winchester's house or lodging when he cometh to this
city. . . . This is a very fair house, well repaired
and hath a large wharf and landing place, called the
Bishop of Winchester's Stairs.' (fn. 101) It is to be seen
plainly on all the 16th-century maps of Southwark. (fn. 102)
Lancelot Andrewes died there.
By the Long Parliament Winchester House was
turned in 1642 into a prison. (fn. 103) In 1643 Joseph Zinzan
or Alexander petitioned the House of Lords for the use
of the stable and yard as a riding school. (fn. 104) In 1649
the trustees for the estates of bishoprics sold to
Thomas Walker of Southwark, his heirs and assigns,
all the manor of Southwark commonly called
Winchester Liberty or the Clink Liberty, the appurtenant rights and rents, and the yearly sums called the
chaise rent. This grant included the capital messuage
or mansion-house which was the palace of the late
bishop; the ground, buildings and gardens belonging
to it; the wharves and the wharfage due to the
bishop for all commodities landed at the dock,
commonly known as 'St. Mary Overey's Dock,' in
Southwark; certain lands to the west of the palace,
the subject of grants by the bishop and in several
occupations; some ground in Clink Street; a great
garden called Deadman's Place, on which were divers
buildings and a gatehouse; a house in St. Saviour's
parish on a tenement once held by the brotherhood
of Our Lady in the church of St. Margaret; a garden
known as Mellwarde Garden on the south side of
Maiden Lane; and four tenements between St.
Mary Overy's on the east and Stewes Bank on the
west. The other rights conveyed were those of a
court leet, a view of frankpledge, a court baron and
any other courts and customs which the bishop had
held, the goods and chattels of felons, forfeitures,
wardship, marriage, escheats, releases, heriots, fines,
issues, amercements, perquisites and profits of courts,
goods and chattels of fugitives, persons of themselves
outlawed, clerks convicted and persons put in
exigent, waifs, strays, deodands, hawking, hunting,
fowling, fishing, commons, ground used for common
ways, passages, waters, water-courses, jurisdictions, and
the reversion and remainder of all the property on
the manor that was held by customary tenants. (fn. 105)
The lordship reverted at the Restoration to the
bishopric of Winchester, but was not again the
episcopal residence. An Act of 1661 permitted it
to be let out to several tenants. It is said that after
the Great Fire of London chestnut trees cut from
the park of Winchester House were employed in
building several houses in Gracechurch Street. In
1813 some pieces of old stonework, in which had
been arches, formed entrances to the house and offices
on the site of the palace. (fn. 106) The rights of the Bishop
of Winchester in Southwark Park estate or Winchester
Park estate were vested in 1863 in the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners. Certain portions of the property
had then been acquired by the Metropolitan Board
of Works, the Charing Cross Railway Company,
the wardens of St. Saviour's Church and several
private persons. (fn. 107)
Plan of Winchester House
The house stood on the river bank immediately
to the west of St. Mary Overy Dock. It consisted
of a pile of buildings of considerable size and importance, the general disposition of which is best
shown on Hollar's View of London. Along the river
front stood two buildings of equal width and almost
equal length, divided by a gable wall. These are
both shown on Van den Wyngaerde's drawing and
their similarity in size has caused some controversy as
to which was the great hall. There can, however,
be little doubt that the eastern portion was the building in question, and it is now the only part of the
house of which there are any remains. The great
hall was built about the middle of the 14th century.
The hall itself was on the first floor, above a low substructure, and, as at Crosby Hall, had evidently a
number of private rooms at the east end under the
same roof. The existing remains consist of the whole
of the west wall and gable and a portion of the return
wall of the south side. This latter contains two
doorways, one plain with a pointed segmental arch
opening into the substructure and another above it,
very deeply moulded, which formed the southern
entrance to the screens. In the west wall at the hall
floor level the three doors leading to the offices are
intact, and above them in the gable is the fine rose
window, of which the tracery is probably only hidden
by a brick filling on both sides. This window, the
finest feature of the building, together with the open
timber roof, are well shown on Gwilt's drawing here
reproduced. The hall was altered by Bishop
Gardiner and a doorway at the east end, standing in
1814, bore his arms with those of the see and the
motto 'VANA SALVS HOIS.' A considerable length of
ragstone wall still exists, running west and continuing
the line of the south wall of the hall, but it contains
no features of interest; a drawing of a piece of Tudor
alteration to this part of the building was on its
destruction reproduced in the Builder. On the south
side a large courtyard surrounded by covered alleys
adjoined the hall. On the north side the alley was
two stages high, and, judging from the numerous views
of such remains as survived until the beginning of the
19th century, it was of early 16th-century date. The
greater part of the site is now covered by bonded
warehouses, in the walls of which all the existing
remains are incorporated.
In 1459, at the great leet held within the lordship,
ordinances were made by twelve men which amounted
to a declaration of custom; some were referred to
'the old custom.' They regulated the presentment
of offenders at the court of the lordship and their
punishment by fine, forfeiture, the ducking stool, (fn. 108)
banishment from the lordship and imprisonment. It
is evident, therefore, that the bishop's prison already
existed. The officers were the bailiffs of the franchise,
the constable and the boursholder, presumably a
treasurer. Some cognizance over civil suits is proved
by an ordinance that no man nor woman within the
franchise might take any action in a court of the
king on an obligation which did not exceed 40s., but
that such matters must be brought to the lord's court
and there determined, on pain of a forfeiture of £10
to the lord for each offence. This privilege, which
came to be that of holding a court of record with
cognizance in cases of debt and trespass, (fn. 109) and the
power to administer justice in case of offences against
public order, appears to have originated the liberty of
the bishop's manor. The newer ordinances, made
in the 15th century, seem to presuppose some
freedom from arrest by any but officers of the lordship which was enjoyed by the inhabitants.
It was ruled in 1445 that neither the bailiff of the
lordship nor his deputies might make arrest for things
presented by the twelve men for the king unless
they were accompanied by the constable, and they
must show a bill of the names of all that were to be
presented. In 1449, 1450 and 1454 it was ordained
at leets that the bailiff might, except for the lord or
for the king, neither attach nor arrest without warrant
any but those whom he found 'against the site of
the lord's manor or in its precincts,' which terms seem
to refer to the house of the lord and the land around
it. (fn. 110) In 1697 the Act of Parliament which enforced
arrest of debtors by the sheriff within 'certain pretended privileged places' numbered among the latter
the Clink or Deadman's Place, (fn. 111) and it may have
been more effectual there than in the Mint. The
peculiar privileges of the Clink apparently became
obsolete in the 18th century; there were not near
at hand to preserve them any such body of persons
as the King's Bench prisoners. The bishop's court
of record was said in 1814 to have been for long
discontinued. (fn. 112)
Stow notices ' the Clink, a gaol or prison for
trespassers in those parts; namely in old time for
such as should brabble, fray, or break the peace on
the said bank or in the brothel houses: they were by
the inhabitants thereabout apprehended and committed
to this gaol, where they were straitly imprisoned.' (fn. 113)
The prison in 1714 was 'disused, very ruinous and
of little or no account.' (fn. 114) Its decaying condition
caused its removal in 1745 to a house on Bankside,
and this was burnt in 1780 during the Lord George
Gordon riots. (fn. 115)
An authority, probably of the 15th century, cites
rules for the government of the stewholders of Southwark, in the lordship of the bishop, as made 'in
Parliament' in 1161–2. (fn. 116) It may be that Henry II
in council then regulated the Stews, and that they
were already established on the bank of the river in
the bishop's manor. A licence to the bishop to
alienate land within 'Lestues' occurs in 1351, (fn. 117) and
in 1381 Wat Tyler's insurgents wrecked the Stews
which the Lord Mayor Walworth held of the bishop
and had sublet to ' frows of Flanders.' (fn. 118) The
ordinances declared at the leet of 1459 provide a
system of rigorous inspection of the Stews, to be
conducted by officers of the lordship, and prescribe
rules enforced by punishments. (fn. 119) In 1506 the Stews
were discontinued for a short time, and in 1547 they
were finally suppressed by royal proclamation. According to Stow, a plot in the parish burial-ground, known
as the Single Women's Churchyard, was apportioned
to the women of the Stews. (fn. 120) Their memory
survived till 1613, for the epilogue to Henry VIII
refers to the 'galled goose of Winchester.'
An annual court leet was in 1814 held within the
manor, and at it a jury of twenty-four or more were
sworn and constables, head boroughmen, ale-conners,
a beadle and a bellman chosen. (fn. 121)
The site of the Clink Liberty is marked by the
names of Clink Street, in which stood the Clink
prison, Winchester Street, Winchester Yard, and
Bank Street and the Bankside, which occupy the place
of the Stews. St. Saviour's Dock, near the cathedral,
must be that in which the bishop enjoyed rights. (fn. 122)
In 1466–7 Thomas Bughill released to the Bishop
of Winchester lands at Les Wylos within the bishop's
manor of Southwark which were called the manor of
WYLOS. (fn. 123) The place was presumably one where
willow trees grew, and hence marshy land near the
river within the lordship. In 1661 the bailiff of
the liberty received a rent of £10 6s. 8d. for the
farm of the meadows called 'le Willes' or Southwark
Park. (fn. 124) The present Willow Wharf probably indicates
the site of this property.
The reputed manor of HORSEYDOWN (hodie
Horsleydown) was apparently an ancient possession of
the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. In 1206 Thomas
de St. Christopher conveyed to the prior 5 acres of land
in Horsemead to hold for 11 marks (fn. 125) ; and a certain
Christiana gave to him 2½ acres in the field called
Horscismead and 1 acre in Horscisdune burdened
with a rent of 3s. to her and
of 2s. 6d. to her heirs. (fn. 126) At
the time of its dissolution the
house received £8 yearly as
the farm of the mill of Horseydown. (fn. 127) In 1544 John
Eyre, the king's servant,
bought from the Crown the
water mill called St. John's
Milne in Horseydown which
had belonged to the hospital. (fn. 128)
This mill, with 5 acres of land
called Cross Leas and all
lands, waters and profits which
belonged to it, was conveyed
in 1584 by William Gardyner to Samuel Thomas,
his heirs and assigns. In 1591 the licence to
alienate was received. (fn. 129) Samuel held in 1600–1. (fn. 130)
In 1621 there is mention of the manor of Horseydown (fn. 131) ; in 1641 Sir Anthony Thomas, kt., died
in possession of the manor, St. John's Mill and
St. Saviour's Dock, as his inheritance from his father
Samuel. The son and heir of Anthony was another
Samuel. (fn. 132) He appears to have received an advance
of money from Richard Dagnall on the security of
St. John of Jerusalem's mills in Horseydown, and to
have forfeited them as a consequence of the transaction, for in 1669 Anthony Thomas of Chobham
Place, the heir of the younger Samuel, petitioned the
House of Lords for a reversal of the decree and
proceedings in Chancery as to such an advance. (fn. 133) It
is stated in the History of Surrey by Manning and
Bray that the land called Horseydown was bought
by the parish of St. Olave and assigned by the
parishioners to the endowment of St. Olave's grammar
school before 1604. This appears to be a part of
Horseydown which was within the manor of Bermondsey Abbey. It had been granted to Sir Roger
Copley and had been bought by the vestry for the
purposes of a school as far back as 1553, before the
school was actually founded. It consisted of about
15 acres of uninclosed grass, on which the inhabitants
had possessed common grazing rights. (fn. 134) There is
also proof that a burial-ground, some almshouses
built by the vestry and a ground for the exercise of
the trained bands of Southwark were situated on
Horseydown. (fn. 135) The last is probably the Martial
Yard in Horsleydown, which in 1636 Captain
Francis Grove and other gentlemen had inclosed
with a brick wall and were utilizing for the exercise
of arms. They petitioned the king for leave to build
in it an armoury, (fn. 136) and there are other references to
the artillery ground in this and the next century. (fn. 137)
It has served to name Artillery Street, which continues
Crucifix Lane from Bermondsey Street. In 1662
the governors of the school sought licence to erect
brick houses at Horsleydown, near the water, where
they were wanted by many seamen and would
increase the revenue of the school. The desired
permission was granted. (fn. 138) It is probably in this
period that Horsleydown lost its old character, that
of a tract of meadow land on which were a mill or
mills, and came to be, before the middle of the
18th century, an area covered with streets and
houses. (fn. 139) The strand which belonged to the property
is marked by the names of Horsleydown Stairs,
Jerusalem Wharf, Horsleydown New Stairs and
St. Saviour's Dock, known as Savory Dock in the
18th century. (fn. 140) The dedication of the church of
St. John, Horsleydown, is appropriate.
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. Gules a cross argent.
The manor of WIDEFLETE or PARIS GARDEN
was situated on the river bank and was bounded by the
lands of the Bishop of Winchester and the boundary
of Southwark Borough on the east, on the west by
an outlying portion of Kennington Manor, from
which it was partly separated by a water-course, (fn. 141) and
by Lambeth, and on the south by the Southwark
manor of Bermondsey.
In 1113 Robert Marmion gave the hide of Wideflete, with mills and other appurtenant possessions,
to the monks of Bermondsey. Reynold, prior, and
the convent granted it in 1166, with its men, mills,
waters, ponds and other appurtenances, to the brothers
of the Temple to hold for a yearly rent of 10 marks. (fn. 142)
Subsequently the Templars demised the manor to
keepers or farmers. In May 1311 the king ordered
William de Montacute, keeper of the Templars' lands
in Southwark, to cause the walls and ditches on the
banks of the Thames which pertained to that property to be repaired out of the issues of it. (fn. 143) Another
royal order was issued to the keeper of the manor in
1312 to repair its mills at an expenditure which
should not exceed £10. (fn. 144) In 1319 licence was
granted for the Prior and convent of Bermondsey to
exchange the hide of land called Wytheflct and the
two mills on it with the Archbishop of Canterbury
for other property (fn. 145) ; but it appears that no use was
made of such permission, for the manor continued to
be held of Bermondsey. It passed from the tenure
of the Templars into that of the Hospitallers of
St. John of Jerusalem. In 1338 it was held for life
by Hawisia de Swalelive in lieu of a pension of £20
granted to her by Thomas Larcher, late prior, who
had greatly burdened the order by granting pensions
in return for fines of ready money. (fn. 146) In 1420 John
Duke of Bedford was farmer under the Hospitallers
of the 'privilleged place called Parish Garden or
Wideflete or Wiles.' (fn. 147) The first name was probably
derived from Robert Parys or Paris, a London grocer
and shipowner, who seems to have had a house there
in 1390. (fn. 148) He was marshal of the marshalsea of
the King's Bench from 1384 to 1392 (fn. 149) and possibly
had been farmer of this manor.
The privileges of Paris Garden were an outcome
of its possession by the Templars and of their enjoyment of immunity under the papal bull which dates
probably from 1200. (fn. 150) Certain ordinances to regulate them were made by the Duke of Bedford. It
was enacted that any man who fled to Paris Garden
for safety must be asked the cause of his flight,
whether it were his debt, felony or other transgression, and his answer must be registered together
with his name. For this he should pay 4d. to the
lord. He must swear on the book that henceforward
he would do nothing which could bring lesion,
scandal or damage to his place of refuge, that he
would keep all its statutes and ordinances, that he
would not leave it by day or by night. He broke
the last of these oaths at his peril. If he came
because he had committed a felony he must be kept
for the whole night after his arrival under the custody
of six men of the soc unless surety were given for
him or unless there were a report of his good rule.
Any who was guilty of a felony after his arrival in
Paris Garden lost the benefit of the place and was
committed to the King's Bench. Fines were inflicted
for breaches of the peace and for offences against
morality. He who left without leave must pay 4d.
to the lord when he returned. (fn. 151)
In 1434 the hospital of St. John of Jerusalem held
the mills of Wideflete with the garden called Parish
Garden and several lands, tenements, meadows and
pastures in Southwark, Kennington, Lambeth and
Newington of the Abbot of Bermondsey for a yearly
rent of 10 marks and 4s. (fn. 152) The lordship is called
that of St. John at Parys Garden between 1475 and
1485. (fn. 153) A grant of the property at farm is extant
for the year 1505. The prior then gave to Robert
Udale, citizen and goldsmith of London, a lease of
thirty-one years of the mansion-place of Paris Garden,
'as it standeth within the moat there, and also two
gardens butting upon the said mansion place, with
the gatehouse, and with four pastures called the
Poundyard, the Conyng Garth, the Chapel hawe and
Walnut trees,' and their appurtenances, as John
Hellow had lately held and occupied them. Further
he granted 'two other pastures about the dike there
called the Willows Woods.' The rent was to be
£8 13s. 4d. annually. (fn. 154) Another lease of thirty
years of the same premises was made to Robert in
1518, (fn. 155) and in 1524 there was a lease of them to
Robert Amadas, citizen and goldsmith, for forty years
at a rent of £ 10 a year. (fn. 156) Bermondsey Abbey
retained its rights in the manor until 1536, when it
conveyed them to the king. (fn. 157) The manor was
assigned to Queen Jane as dower and assured to her
in Parliament in the same year. (fn. 158) In 1537 it had
reverted to the Crown by her death. (fn. 159) Robert
Urmiston received a lease of the property demised to
Robert Udale and paid for it the increased rent of
£52 a year, because he constructed in and about the
mansion-house the new bowling alleys. (fn. 160) A lease
for twenty-one years on like terms was made to
William Barley in 1542. (fn. 161) In 1542–3, however,
the game of bowls was prohibited by Act of Parliament, and consequently Edmund Wiseman in 1562
acquired a lease for twenty-one years of the house,
pastures and gatehouse at the old rent of £10. (fn. 162)
In 1578 the queen granted to Robert Newdigate
and Arthur Fountaigne, at the request of Henry
Carey, Lord Hunsdon, the lordship and manor of
Paris Garden. (fn. 163) Later in the year Newdigate and
Fountaigne demised to Lord Hunsdon the mansion-house situated within the moat, the adjacent garden,
the pastures named in the lease to Robert Udale and
a tenement and garden on the estate which were
held by James Kirby. (fn. 164) The manor was conveyed
by Lord Hunsdon, Robert Newdigate and Arthur
Fountaigne in 1580 to Thomas Cure, (fn. 165) saddler to
Queen Elizabeth, (fn. 166) and in the same year the customary
tenants bought for £6,000 a term of 2,000 years in
their copyholds and vested the right in trustees. The
sum was raised by an equal collection among the
buyers. (fn. 167) In 1589 Thomas Cure conveyed the freehold portion to Francis Langley, citizen and draper of
London, (fn. 168) who with Jane his wife received licence
in 1602 to alienate it to Hugh Browker of the
Inner Temple, prothonotary in the court of Common
Pleas, and to Thomas his son. (fn. 169) In 1608, after his
father's death, Thomas held by himself. (fn. 170)
The manor-house acquired notoriety in this period
through its occupation by a woman of ill fame known
as Dame Holland. A history of her adventures,
written in 1632, gives a hyperbolical description of it.
At length she is informed of a place fit for her purpose being
wondrous commodiously planted for all accommodations; it
was out of the city yet in view of the city, only divided by
a delicate river, and many hearty neighbours. . . . Presently
she was brought to a fort, citadel or mansion house, so fortified
and environed with all manner of fortifications, that had impregnable Rhodes taken thence pattern, neither the Turk's
wealth nor the traitor's wit could ever have betrayed it, for
ere any foe could approach this he must march more than a
musket shot on a narrow bank, where three could not go
abreast, betwixt two dangerous ditches (fn. 171) ; then enter a port,
bulwarked on every side and immured both before and behind
with deep ditches, a drawbridge and sundry pallisades, then
another passage in all parts like the former, sluiced with
ditches and barracadoed with strong rampiers. Then another
ditch of much larger continent than any before spoke of which
ran like a circumference and girded in its arms all the whole
mansion, then a world of other bulwarks, rivers, ditches,
trenches and outworks, which hemmed in the orchards,
gardens, base courts and inferior offices, making everyone
capable of a several fight and every fight able for many hours
to play with an army. (fn. 172)
In 1631 certain persons who had bought the lease
of Mrs. Holland's dwelling petitioned that the trained
bands of Southwark might attend in Paris Garden for
the whole of a certain day, on which, by means of
many thousands of scrolls and papers cast about the
City, the apprentices had been asked to collect in
order to demolish the house. A watch had been
obtained, but it was feared that it would not be
enough. (fn. 173) In 1632 Dame Holland resisted for some
time a siege by the peace officers; thus the manor-house of Paris Garden acquired the name of Holland's
Leaguer. The street in front of the site of the manor-house is called Holland's 'Leger' in a map of 1746.
Thomas Browker in 1655 conveyed his estate to
Richard Taverner of London, haberdasher, and to
William Angell, the younger, (fn. 174) citizen and grocer of
London, and it is stated by Manning and Bray that
they in the following year made a partition by which
Taverner received some land and Angell the manor-house and other land. (fn. 175) At all events, William Angell
was lord of the manor in 1657. In 1667 he sold to
Hugh Jermyn, woollendraper of Lombard Street, the
mansion-house called Holland's Leaguer and 1 acre
of land encompassed by a moat. William Angell still
held the manor in 1676. (fn. 176) He was succeeded by his
son William, who in 1722 conveyed the manor lands
and reserved rights to William Baron of Egloskerry,
Cornwall, gentleman. After him the courts leet
were held by the Reverend John Baron (fn. 177) from 1733,
Oliver Baron from 1744, Oliver William Baron from
1786, Joseph Baron from 1796 and Christopher
Lethbridge and John Pearce, devisees in trust for an
infant, from 1799 to 1812. (fn. 178)
The holder of the manor in the last of these periods
was probably Jaspar Baron, to whose daughter and
heir Elizabeth it passed before 1821. (fn. 179) She married
John King Lethbridge, the son of Christopher, who,
as her children died in infancy, inherited the manor
from her. He held the freehold portion of Paris
Garden until 1861, when he was succeeded by his
son John Christopher Baron Lethbridge, who died in
1885 and was followed by the present holder,
Mr. Edward Galton Baron Lethbridge of Tregeare,
Egloskerry, Cornwall. (fn. 180) The last court leet was held
in 1852, when eight constables and two ale-conners
were appointed. Some earlier presentments at such
courts mention a stocks, a cage and a whipping post.
The customary tenants acquired the fee simple of
their holdings in virtue of the Conveyancing Act of
1881. The steward of the copyhold portion of the
manor still uses, in receiving their surrenders, a rod,
of which he holds one end, while the other is held by
the surrendering and the incoming tenant in turn.
Much of the property has been enfranchised. (fn. 181)
The resistance offered to authority by Dame Holland in 1632 may indicate some survival to that date
of the ancient privileges of the lordship. There is no
later trace of them; the enactments made in 1697 as
to 'pretended privileged places' do not mention
Paris Garden.
The manor-house was called the Beggars' Hall in
1688–9, when it may have been a poor lodging-house. (fn. 182) In 1821 several old inhabitants of Christ-church parish recollected that some ground called
Holland's Leaguer, of which the site has since been
occupied by Holland Street and the neighbouring
houses, was an artificial and elevated place, rectangular
in form, and was surrounded by the tide, which ebbed
and flowed from a sluice at a distance of 20 ft. from
the ferry then called Cat's Dock. The place was
reached by a number of ancient and mutilated steps,
and within it were a house and some vacant ground
used for the deposit of rubbish, which, from the
remains of trees and bushes, appeared to have been a
garden. (fn. 183)
Mr. Philip Norman describes the territory of the
lordship in early times as 'a swampy lowlying place,'
of which the land limitations were partly or wholly
defined by streams or broad ditches. One of these
on its western side 'had outlet to the river by the
Broadwall, where there was an ancient embankment;
while near the north-eastern corner the Pudding Mill
Stream passed close to the site of the present Falcon
Wharf. This must originally have connected old
Widflete mill pond with the Thames, but degenerated
into a sewer which has disappeared.' (fn. 184)
Windmill Row, Windmill Street and Cornmill
Row are within the limits of the manor, which is now
traversed by Blackfriars Road.