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| Dec. 12. | 794. The Queen to the King of Spain. (fn. 1) |
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| His Ambassador having asked in the King's name for a
licence for Lady Dormer, (the grandmother of the Countess
of Feria,) and Lady Clarentia to leave the kingdom, she
replies that though the matter in itself is a trifle, yet as, if
granted, it might lead to results prejudicial to the realm,
she has ordered her Ambassador to communicate the grounds
of her refusal to him.—Westminster, 12 Dec. 1560. |
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| Copy, countersigned by Ascham. Add. Endd. by Cecil's
secretary. Lat. Broadside. |
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| [Dec. 12.] | 795. The Earl of Lennox. |
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| "The credit given the Laird of Galstone, sent from my
Lord of Lennox's friends in Scotland." |
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| 1. To follow the Queen's advice and counsel in all his
affairs. |
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| 2. To obtain her assistance for his pardon from the French
Queen, and the restoration of his earldom, and the earldom
of Angus to his wife. |
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| 3. If the French Queen's pardon cannot be obtained, he is
still to go on with the Queen's assistance, and they will aid
him. |
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| 4. They impute great sloth to him. |
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| Orig., in a Scottish hand. Endd. by Cecil: Lady Lennox.
Credit by L. of Galston. Pp. 3. |
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| Dec. 13. | 796. The Queen to Throckmorton. |
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| 1. Since his last letter, signifying the French King's
answer touching the ratification of the last treaty, his
Ambassador resident has declared to her that the treaty is
unconfirmed, not through lack of good will on the King's
part to continue the amity, but upon occasion of some
differences between him and the Scots, for the redress whereof
he means very shortly to send unto her two personages to
declare certain points which he mislikes in the Scots, and to
pass into Scotland, and there assemble a Parliament, and
conclude all these controversies, and therewith confirm and
ratify the treaty with her. |
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| 2. She answered that she thought this delay very strange,
having on her part accomplished all things according to the
treaty, while the King had not done the like on his side,
which was very suspicious. That no Princess was more
desirous to keep the accord than she; but if his master
meant the contrary she would do her best to provide for the
same. If his master would show plainness and honour, he
would do well to advertise her of his meaning, either to peace
or war; for if he meant not speedily to ratify the treaty, he
might do well to stay his two messengers at home. She
knew not why the Scots' doings should hinder the ratification
of that which was due to her. If she knew that the Scots
did not bear meet obedience to their King and Queen, none
of such as were presently with her should come within her
Court, or remain in her realm; as at their first coming she
frankly told them. |
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| 3. Then, having called the Scotch Lords into the Ambassador's presence, she charged them with lack of their duty
to their Sovereign. They answered that since the treaty of
Edinburgh they had not given or meant any offence against
the King or Queen, and desired the Ambassador to declare in
her presence wherein they had given occasion of offence; who
answered that he had no information but in generality from
his master. She then charged them, in the Ambassador's
hearing, to persist in doing their duties, otherwise she would
neither think well of them or show them token of friendship. |
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| 4. She has thought meet to give him knowledge hereof, to
the intent that he may declare to the King and Council the
substance in effect of what she has already said to the
Ambassador, telling them plainly, that if they mean not that
the treaty shall be ratified out of hand, they may forbear to
send the said messengers, as their coming would be but in
vain; if they mean otherwise, then they may send the said
personages fully authorized for that purpose. |
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| Dec. 13. | 5. He shall advertise her as soon as he can of what he
does herein. She has caused the circumstances hereof to be
declared to the Ambassador of Spain, and her Ambassador
resident there by letters here enclosed, to be conveyed to him,
with an account of the state of things in France by Throckmorton. |
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| 6. After (fn. 2) the writing hereof, she received his letter sent
by Davis, mentioning the French King's death. As soon as
the French Ambassadors shall notify it to her, she will forthwith send special persons, according to his advice, and such
one as may afterwards occupy his room. He is to advertise
her as to any notable direction taken for the governance, and
inform the Estates of Scotland of any matter meet to be participated unto them.—Westminster, 13 Dec. 3rd Eliz. Signed. |
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| Orig., with seal. Injured by damp. Add. Endd. Pp. 4. |
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| Dec. 13. | 797. Copy of the above, partly in Cecil's writing.
Endd. by Cecil's secretary. Pp. 6. |
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| Dec. [13]. | 798. Communication with the French Ambassador. |
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| 1. The writers are sent to the person addressed [the Spanish
Ambassador] in order that he may communicate the following
information to his master. They report the Queen's interview with the French Ambassador in the terms following. |
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| 2. The Ambassador first declared that the delay in the
ratification of the treaty between England and France was
caused in great part by the Scots, who had not showed the
obedience they promised. The Queen answered that she
thought it very strange that, she having done her part, the
French King did not do his. She requested him to write
frankly what she was about to say, viz., that she meant to do
her best to defend herself; that she was not of such poverty
nor so void of the obedience of her subjects but she trusted to
be able to do this. Nor was she so faint-hearted as she feared
to resist the same. She came of the race of lions, and therefore could not sustain the person of a sheep. As for the
Ambassadors meant to be sent, unless they came with full
commission to make an end of the treaty, it were as good
they kept themselves at home. She did not see why Scotland
should be a hindrance to the ratification between England
and France; besides, the Scots declared that since the treaty
they had forfeited in nothing. |
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| 3. The Ambassador said that he had nothing special to
charge them with, and added that as his master had no navy
on the sea there was no occasion for mistrust. The Queen
then complained that one of her Ambassador's servants had
been demanded by the Inquisition, and desired that his
privileges should not be infringed. |
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| Copy. Endd. by Cecil: Communicatio inter reginam et
oratorem Galliæ. Pp. 4. |
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| Dec. 14. | 799. John Shers to Cecil. |
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| The Bull for the continuation of the Council at Trent is
published; it is in print also and abroad. A Nuncio is appointed to the elect Emperor, (for so the Bull gives him title,)
and another to the French King; but since, there is certain
word that he is dead. Other Bulls were appointed for the
said French King, for Spain, and to the Queen. There should
have come with the same Bull the Abbot Martinego.—Venice,
14 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| Orig. Hol., with seal. Add. Endd. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 15. | 800. The Queen to the Duke of Arschot. |
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| Has received his letter of the 12th Nov., and thanks him for
the horse which he sent her. In return she sends a hackney
mare as a present from her to the Duchess. |
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| Endd.: 15 Dec. 1560. Fr. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 15. | 801. Note of the above.
Endd.: 15 Dec. 1560. Fr. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 15. | 802. John, Duke of Finland, to the Queen. |
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| 1. Was unwillingly compelled to keep back his letters to
her, dated 16 Cal. Oct. [16 Sept.], which, had they arrived,
would not have expressed his present sentiments, nor corresponded with his present wishes. They related to the intended
journey of his brother, Prince Eric, whose departure they had
shortly preceded; but the journey of both the letters and
the Prince was unexpectedly interrupted. He regrets that
hitherto he has not been able to testify his gratitude for the
kindness shown to him by her while he visited her, which he
is sure she will not misinterpret. |
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| 2. She has probably heard that his father, Gustavus, King
of Sweden, died on Michaelmas Day, 29 Sept., most inopportunely for the interests of the realm. Is comforted, however,
when he remembers his brother's good qualities. He is about
to visit her in the hope that he may bring his brother's
wishes in regard to her to a successful issue. Again apologizes
for his silence.—Stockholm, 18 Cal. Jan. 1560. |
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| Orig. Add. Endd. Lat. Broadside. |
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| Dec. 15. | 803. Another copy of the above.
Modern transcript. |
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| Dec. 15. | 804. Francis Edwards to Cecil. |
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| 1. Since his last of the 3rd, signifying the tumult at Rouen,
there has been watching and warding for fear of more
brabbling; but now that it is openly known that the Prince is
departed, the people are quiet and much rejoiced. They are
devising for the government of the new King, and that the
Cardinal of Lorraine and the Duke of Guise shall be called to
a reckoning. Some say secretly that the Cardinal is slain;
others that there will be parts-taking, and that in the Court
there is like to be such brabbling. They think themselves not
well assured unless the Cardinal and his partners be clearly
despatched, or at least from the King's Council displaced.
Men think that the matters of Scotland will be now accorded,
and say that there are 14,000 francs prepared to pay the
garrisons there. Cannot perceive in these parts any matter
of shipping. Is informed that the Marseilles galleys at
Nantes are in number ten, with only 100 men, besides the
slaves; the chief captain is at the Court. Will go to Havre.
—Rouen, 11 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| 2. P. S.—On the 12th the garrison here was discharged;
a few remain with the new captain. They think that M. De
Fosse shall have his place. All shipping has ceased; those
he wrote of in his former letter are despatched. The heads
of the Congregation intend in the Christmas holidays to
preach openly.—Dieppe, 15 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 3. |
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| Dec. 16. | 805. The Queen to the Earl of Lennox. |
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| Whereas he has sent her with his letters the Laird of
Gaston for her pleasure to be declared, and favour shown for
the furtherance of his causes in Scotland, whereunto it
appears by Gaston's credit that divers friends solicit him to
dispose himself; she is sorry, in respect of his particular
cause, that the death of the French King does so alter the
time, or suspend the judgment of what is meet, that it seems
requisite for a season to forbear for his causes, and himself
also to stay, not doubting but that it will give her better occasion to further the same. She has caused the Earl of Pembroke
and Cecil to declare her meaning at more length to the
bearer, whom she thought meet not to have stay any longer.
Commendations to her dear cousin, the Earl's wife.—16 Dec.
1560. |
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| Draft by Cecil, and endd. by his secretary. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 16. | 806. Cecil to the Earl of Lennox. |
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| Upon the coming of the Laird of Gaston, the writer
immediately presented his [the Earl's] letters to the Queen,
together with his whole credit concerning the Earl's affairs,
setting them forth in good sort. These the Queen at length
offered to certain of her Council, and specially to the Earl of
Pembroke. After this time chanced the intelligence of the
late French King's death, whereupon she stayed the purpose
which before she meant in his cause. Until time better
demonstrate what is meet for her, she would that the bearer
should return without tarrying any longer. Cecil is sorry
for the stay of the Earl's matters, although he perceives great
likelihood that they shall hereby be better.—Westminster,
16 Dec. |
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| Draft in Cecil's writing, and endd. by his secretary: 16
Dec. 1560. Pp. 2. |
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| [Dec. 16.] | 807. Border Court at Jedburgh. |
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| 1. All the gentlemen and possessors of lands within the
Middle Wardenry and the principals of clans of East and
West Teviotdale, were convened, and were shown that the
coming of the Earl [of Arran] to the Borders was chiefly for
two respects. First, to entertain the peace of the Queen of
England's realm and subjects, and to suppress all such
persons as are thieves and commit robbery in England,
which was so common, that in times byepast it was esteemed
no offence, whereupon followed great disorders. Therefore he
commanded them to enter into a perpetual bond that if anyone dwelling in their houses or on their lands should commit
any attempt against the subjects of England, they should
permit him to be punished according to the laws of the
Marches; and if he could not be apprehended, then he upon
whose lands he dwelt should recompense the scaith and
damage. This bond appeared to them very hard and strange,
yet they agreed immediately; so that now they must either
expel the truce-breakers or answer for their faults. |
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| 2. Further, the Earl declared that any person committing
any injury against England should not only undergo the
punishment prescribed by the laws of the Marches, but
should also bear his hatred and indignation, both the thief
and the thief's master, as if it were committed against himself.
As for any attempts made since the treaty of peace, the aforesaid gentlemen shall make full redress, according to the
laws of the Marches. |
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| 3. Before the coming there of the Lord Lieutenant, proclamation was made, charging all persons who had suffered theft
or injury by the inhabitants of Teviotdale to give in their
complaints, certifying them that justice should be done; and
clerks were sent to receive the complaints. The offenders
agreed amongst themselves and satisfied the complainers, so
that no plaints were heard. The chief occasion of this was
that in this Court of justice they proceeded not in the same
manner as was customary; that is to say, the thieves for a
sum of money given to the Treasurer of the realm obtained
pardon for their offences ere ever they came in judgment,
and so escaped, and the complainers got no satisfaction. The
Lord Lieutenant declared that he was not come to sell crimes
for silver, but to cause justice to be executed in all sorts, as
he would answer to God. |
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| 4. Further, all that made bond in the time of the Queen
Regent and Duke were content to renew it, excepting in the
point of sitting under assurance of England. It was added
to the said bond, that every man should assist his neighbour
in punishing the thieves, and that for the slaughter of any
thief there should be no feud borne upon the slayer, how
"sib" soever the thief were unto them; this was not only in
the bond, but they all made faith and solemn oath to the Lord
Lieutenant to observe the same. |
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| [Dec. 16.] | 5. After the Earl's coming they received some complaints
of the inhabitants of Liddlesdale; for whom order was taken
that they should make full restitution for all attempts committed against England since the peace. Albeit of old they
committed sundry attempts against the English, yet of late
they have ceased, and since the beginning of the siege of Leith
have suffered very great injuries both in their persons and
goods; whereof if they get due redress before the Warden,
they will be able to make redress of the attempts committed
by them. For redress of the attempts committed by them
against Scotchmen, a Court will be held on the 23rd and 24th
inst., by Lord Borthwick, and a bye-Court in January. The
like of this was never done before. The Lord Lieutenant
will send Sir David Hamilton of Preston to see whether
Lord Borthwick does his duty, and a company of harquebussiers to assist him against the disobedient. |
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| 6. After the coming of the narrators they understood of
some notable offenders, and the Lord Lieutenant directed
charges to the possessors of the lands where the said offenders
dwelt, comanding them to put them before him upon the
morning after the charge. The answer was that they had
fled, carrying away their goods; therefore they had assigned to them till the 10th of January next to compear in
Edinburgh before the Lords of the Secret Council, and show
their diligence in apprehending the defaulters, and uplifting
their goods for the Queen's use, putting their wives and
bairns forth of their rooms. Which charge they willingly
received. |
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| 7. There were great variances among the inhabitants of
Teviotdale by reason of deadly feuds, and for slaughters committed of old; whereof never had they that bore the authority
done justice, and which had been a great hindrance to justice;
as, for fear of their party, they dare not assist the Warden at
the days of truce, nor yet travail in their lawful business, for
they were ever in point to slay or be slain, where they foregathered with their enemies. The Lord Lieutenant has
therefore caused all between whom there was any feud to give
and take effectual assurance till the first Sunday after Pasch,
and they have promised by amicable composition and good
arbitration to decide all controversies. |
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| 8. There is an attempt committed by John Haliburton of
Murrayslaw upon Willie Nickson, (called Gimmerhorn,) an
Englishman, prisoner to the Laird of Farnihurst, which John
is in ward at Edinburgh, until the said Gimmerhorn convalesce
of his hurting or not. There is also one face of a public kirk
erected in Jedburgh, and ministers, elders, and deacons appointed; the like shall be done over the rest of the wardenry.
There was some disorder committed before both the Wardens
by the Laird of Ormiston in Teviotdale and John Rutherford
of the Knowe, whom the Lord Lieutenant brought with him,
and put them in ward till they be punished. Having been
informed that certain of the clans of East Teviotdale had
made a league for the hindrance of justice, and to stop the
making of redress to England, the authors of this conspiracy
have been summoned to appear before the Council upon the
10th January, to undergo the trial and punishment of their
faults. |
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| Copy, in a Scottish hand. Endd. by Randolph: Nov. 1560.
Extract of those things that were done at Gedworth, by my
Lord of Arran for order upon the Borders. Pp. 4. |
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| Dec. 17. | 808. The Council in the North to the Queen. |
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| 1. Have kept a session of Oyer and a general gaol delivery
at York Castle, whereat were arraigned and condemned
eleven persons; ten for sundry murders and felonies, whereof
eight were executed, and two by their clergy committed to
the ordinary, and the other, for seditious words against the
Queen, was punished upon the pillory with loss of his ears,
and imprisonment. |
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| 2. The greatest trouble amongst the people is concerning
the basest sorts of testons, which are refused to be taken, to
the great murmuring of the poor, who, having little money
to spare, greatly fear lest they should be left on their hands
at the end of the four months for which they were proclaimed
to be current. If the Queen would either send down good
money to be exchanged, or else proclaim that the base
testons should be received as bullion at the mint for two or
three months, they think it would much quiet the people.
The country has also in some parts been troubled with
untrue rumours that the Queen would have after a certain
day 10s. for every marriage, 6s. 8d. for every burial, and
3s. 4d. for every christening, and in some places that she
would have all men's cattle being unmarked; the which false
rumours, by the apprehension and punishment of some evil
persons who were the false reporters thereof, are now well
stayed.—York, 17 Dec. 1560. Signed: Thomas Gargrave,
Nicholas Fairfax, William Vavasour, John Vaughan, Henry
Savile, Christopher Estoft, Francis Frobisher, Thomas Eynns. |
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| Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 17. | 809. Sir Thomas Gargrave to Cecil. |
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| Gives him the same intelligence respecting the base money
and the false rumours as is contained in the Council's letter
to the Queen of the same date; adding that the rumours
appear to have had their rise in the vicinity of Lincolnshire. Would be glad to repair to London to finish his old
suit, but being appointed Vice-President of the Council, he
has no authority so to do. Desires the Queen's licence to
appoint one to occupy his place during his absence.—York,
17 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| Orig. Hol., with seal. Add. Endd. by Cecil's secretary.
Pp. 3. |
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| Dec. 17. | 810. Mundt to Cecil. |
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| Wrote last on the 3rd, since which time he has learnt
from one who came from the Elector Palatine, that the
Electors and other Protestant Princes would meet in
January, or a little later, in Thuringia, which is on the
boundaries of Saxony, and near Misnia, where the Elector of
Saxony lives. The recent death of the French King will
probably put off this meeting; for the Princes proposed to
write from the assembly to the three Estates of France, who
were to have been convened in December, concerning the
restoration of Metz to the Empire, as if they did not know
that Metz must be recovered by arms, and not by writing.
No news from Switzerland, except that their dispute is
deferred to the Epiphany, when all the cantons will assemble
to discuss the matter.—Strasburg, 17 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| Orig. Hol., with seal. Add. Endd. Lat. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 17. | 811. Obsequies of Gustavus, King of Sweden. |
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| 1. The King departed about 6 o'clock in the morning of
the 29th of September, very godly and christianly, for in his
sickness he gave over his power to his eldest son, Duke
Eric, and desired only to hear of God and His Word. His
corpse was richly embalmed. On the eighth day following,
the corpse was princely apparelled in a long gown of black
velvet; about the cincture thereof was written in silver and
gold, "Gustavus," with a crown upon his head, a sceptre in
his hand, and a sword by his side, being all of silver and
gilt. Being so apparelled, he was laid in his hearse by the
highest Bishops and noblest Knights of the realm, and so
lay until "Alhallentyde," when the chest was shut up and
enclosed in black velvet, with a cross of gold upon it. He
lay in the same hearse eight weeks in the palace at Stockholm, covered with a cloth of gold. |
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| 2. The 17th of December the King, with two of his wives,
before deceased, were with great pomp and solemnity carried
into the archbishopric of Upsal, with great lamentation, in
this wise following, and eight days before and after all the
bells in the towns and villages were rung for one hour. |
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| 3. First, there was a horse-litter, being very great and
square, with four pillars at the corners, gilted, wherein the
two Queens, Katherine and Margaret, were laid, and the
King between them. The litter was covered with black
velvet, with crowns of gold and pearl embroidered thereupon
and the King's arms in the midst, and upon the sides were
the Queen's arms, as low as the ground, and at the head and
feet were the King's arms wrought in gold, and an angel
upholding each of the arms. Within the litter were the
pictures of the King and the Queens, apparelled as they had
been living, the Queens being in gowns of black velvet, with
guards of gold upon them, and each had a crown upon her
head and a sceptre in her hand of silver and gilt. Under
neath the crown were coifs of gold. The King had a crown
upon his head, and a sceptre in one hand, and an apple with
a cross upon it of gold in the other, dressed in a black velvet
gown, with a cape of powdered "armynes" [ermines], which
gown was garnished with letters of silver and gilt, and a
"carkenet" of gold about his neck. They seemed to be alive. |
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| The Departure from Stockholm. |
|---|
| 4. First went 700 lanceknights on foot; after them
came 200 horsemen, all in black array; then came 200
scholars and 405 priests, all of whom sang Psalms. After
them followed four heralds with their coats of armour; then
came twenty-four "trusshes," or men on horsehack, who
carried twenty-four arms of as many countries whereof he
had been King and Lord. After them came a Knight bearing
the head banner of the arms of Sweden, followed by another
Knight with the King's shield and helmet; upon the helmet
a golden crown. Then other Knights carrying the King's
armour complete, and one the King's sword, naked. All
these Knights were apparelled with black cloth, and their
horses likewise, down to the ground. |
|---|
| 5. Then came the litter, which was carried with four black
horses, covered with black velvet to the ground. After the
litter came a Knight leading the King's horse (for his own
saddle), trimmed so as the King was accustomed to ride.
After this came Duke Eric, his eldest son, alone; then John,
Duke of Finland, and Duke Magnus, his brother, together,
and after them Duke Charles and Earl Etzarte, together;
and by them there went on foot 150 [men], all in black.
Then came the King's daughters, namely, Ladies Cecilia, Anna,
Sophia, and Lady Elizabeth; and after them the Queen, each
riding in a "sleade" alone, all covered and trimmed with black.
After them came all the Ladies, 100 in number, and then the
Lords of the Court, to the number of 300 horse; then
followed 1,500 Dutch horsemen. |
|---|
| 6. On the 21st December (St. Thomas's Day) the body was
buried very solemnly, with much lamentation. The hearse
was brought into the church and set down. Then all the late
King's worthy deeds were openly declared in the pulpit, both
how he came to the crown and reigned, how he had amended
the realm, and how he had kept it in peace. Then there was
sung a Psalm, and a sermon was preached. After the sermon
the hearse was carried behind the choir into a vault to be
buried, and as soon as they had entered the same, the
Knight who carried the sword (whose name was "Hereswant") stood at the door of the vault, and cried three times,
"The high and mighty King Gustavus is dead." When he
had done this he delivered the sword to the newly elected
King, Duke Eric, and said that he should take the sword
and so rule therewith as his father had done before him. As
soon as the sword was delivered, all the trumpets sounded
three times. After that the King delivered the sword again
to him, and made him Chief Marshal of his realm; then the
young King departed thence, and upon Christmas Day he
came again to Stockholm, and at his entrance there was fired
a hundred pieces of ordnance. |
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| Copy. Endd. Pp. 3. |
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| Dec. 19. | 812. Lord Grey to Cecil. |
|---|
| Upon receipt of his advertisement of the French King's
death, he posted the tidings to the Duke of Châtellerault at
Edinburgh, who marvellously rejoiced therein, and despatched
a man of his with speed to his son at Jedburgh with the
letter. But long before his arrival, having received the
same news from Lord Grey, he had sent it likewise with
diligence to his father. When such agreeable news comes to
him, he will not fail to participate it with friends. Through
the Laird of Cessford's good will to justice, he hopes to
frame the Borders to perfect tranquillity. Now that Northumberland is reformed, it is expedient that he had his
commission of Oyer and Terminer, to the end that, all offences
being perfectly sifted and bolted out, nothing prejudicial to
quiet may be left unredressed. Desires to know what is to
be done with John Brenton (a thief), whom he detains in
ward.—Berwick, 19 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
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| Orig. Add. Endd. Pp. 2. |
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| Dec. 20. | 813. Adolph, Duke of Holstein, K.G., to Cecil. (fn. 3) |
|---|
| His envoy lately sent to the Queen has informed him that
Cecil has graciously received the letter of the writer, and
expressed his goodwill towards him. Begs that he will assist
his envoy in furthering the writer's cause with the Queen.—
Gottorp, 20 Dec. 1560. Signed. |
|---|
| Orig. Add. Endd. by Cecil's secretary. Lat. Pp. 2. |
|---|
| Dec. 20. | 814. Circular of the Duke of Châtellerault and Others. |
|---|
| The Lord of St. John's having now returned from France
with answer to the affairs committed to his charge, and
seeing that the same is ordered to be declared to the Estates,
and that in the meantime the French King has died, the writers
advertise the person addressed thereof, in order that he may
convene with them to consult upon the Lord of St. John's
answer, and as to what is their duty towards their Sovereign.
For this purpose he is to be at Edinburgh on the 15 January
next.—Edinburgh, 20 Dec. 1560. Signed: James, James
Hamilton, Menteith, James Stewart, Erskine, Rothes, R.
Boyd. |
|---|
| Orig. Endd. partly by Cecil, partly by Randolph. Pp. 2. |
|---|